漫话足球规律四：主客场差异为何对足球比赛影响巨大？

足球比赛成功的秘密就像斯芬克斯之谜，其答案可能就是没有答案，没法用科学解释。这是作者在漫话足球规律二中讨论过的。每个规则都有例外，尤其是足球。这条的例外就是主场优势。

The secret to winning, as the myth of the sphinx riddle, has yet to be revealed and nor been formulated since football is unscientific, Football Guardians argues it at Nature 2 of the Game.Game.There is an exception to every rule. In soccer, that is home advantages. 

从英格兰顶级的四级联赛的128年的历史看，球队在主场的赢球概率比客场多10%-30%。历史的长河证明此例外是一种规律。

In the 128 years of history of England pro football, teams win much more at home than at away, although the gap has been narrowed, as found out by Skysports. 

何因造成此“规律”？

The reasons behind? 

第12人（看对谁）、客场旅途劳顿、主场的硬件天气、海拔等的不适应，以及上面各种因素对主客队的队员和教练员、本应当中立公正执法裁判员的判罚的影响，是大家都认可的主要原因。

The 12th man's effects (positive or negative, depending to whom), the away troubled by travel, the away's being unfamiliar to the home's venue and the psychologic and physiogic impacts of those above factors on home and away players, coaches and 'neutralized' match officials, are well-known contributors. 

客场因素在其他体育项目也存在。维基百科发现，团队运动比个人运动更容易受客场因素影响，但像艺术体操等裁判主观分比例大的个人项目除外。

All of the above do exist in other sports. Wikipedia claims, that individual sports register fewer home advantages than team sports, except those subjectively evaluated sports which results are very subject to their judges' opinions, such as artistic gymnastics.

然而，同样是团队运动，同样是对抗性的、没有隔着网的团队运动，主场优势表现如何？世界最有影响力的杂志之一《经济学家》调查发现，在足球国家队比赛中存在主场优势的规律。他们还比较了北美的五大顶级职业联赛，足球、橄榄球、棒球、篮球、冰球。结果是，最新成立的、影响力最低、最不美国的足球运动的客场劣势最明显。

However, among the top tier leagues of the big 5 team sports in North America, the home sweetness varies, as an Economist study found out, in which soccer's home advantages are also evidenced by international football.Why does MLS (soccer), the least powerful and the shortest history among the big 5, champion the contest, leaving NBA, NFL, NHL and MLB behind? 

这难道又是一个不解之谜？可能不是。作者认为，至少有2个原因，可以探讨。

Is this another myth? Maybe not. There could be 2 keys to that. 

一方面，足球竞赛规则，是五大运动规则中最简单的一个，留有大量空间给裁判自由裁量权。其原因是作者在前面的足球比赛精神系列中谈到的，足球一开始就被认为是维多利亚时代价值观下的运动。君子精神和公平竞赛是不用写的默认准则。但现代足球在金钱和赢球的驱动下，该精神大部分情况下缺失。足球竞赛规则没有规定的本来不是问题，现在变成灰色地带。

On one side, that is due to the bigger space left for soccer's referees to interpret its laws of the game than the other 4s'. The soccer's laws of the game, is, arguably, the most simple one among the big 5 and leaves lots of gray areas to be managed and judged according to the spirit of the game, which is not clearly defined and subject to subjectiveness. 

由于在很多足球比赛的灰色地带，裁决的标准是没有明确定义的心决，因此裁判的判决受到主场观众和主场球队干扰的可能性比其他运动更大。

Due to the above, the negative impacts from fans' and home team's pressures over referees is the worst among the big 5. Football Guardians FC has talked extensively over this, at The Spirit of the Game ，Spirit 1 of the Game 足球比赛精神之一 and Spirit 2 of the Game - 足球比赛精神之二.

另一方面，这个不同取决于这个项目对团队配合和协同的要求有多高。

On another side, how much do those sports be played as a team sport is crucial? 

美国宾州大学行为学教授Marshall B Jones研究发现，主场优势和客场劣势的原因对团队配合的影响有关。由于压力，球员的注意力变得狭窄，更多集中在防御、自身和解决眼前的危机。

An international renowned behavior professor Marshall B Jones has come to conclude that home advantages are originated in impaired team-work. He reveals that due to stresses, players' attentions are narrowed and focused on whatever seems to be threatening him/her and behavior more as protecting himself/herself. 

他进一步研究发现，团队运动需要的更多是将注意力放在队友身上，压力对主场客场球队的上述影响不一样，前者是更积极，后者是更消极。

However, a team sport requires players' attention more on their teammates rather than his/her opponents and himself/herself. He further proved that home teams are much less impacted on the above than away teams. 

如果他的研究属实，我们可以推断出，足球对于团队运动的配合更强，是世界上最需团队协同的运动。

If his finding is accurate, we may infer that soccer, is the most teamed sport, otherwise, its championing of the home-advantage can't be explained.

从人数上说，除了橄榄球，足球是比赛参与人数最多的，需要团队配合协同的程度更强。而橄榄球，虽然人数比足球多，但橄榄球球员场上位置是划定的，全攻全守不可能出现；而且橄榄球只是一个一个定位球组成，球员间的配合是事先计划好的、小范围的，而且是教练用耳机指挥的。而足球是自由流动的，11个球员间每个人之间在任何时间、任何地点均可能发生直接对话，而且没有教练指挥。

Soccer has more players to be coordinted than basketball, hockey and baseball. American football, with more players than soccer, is a combination of set players, controlled by coaches and much less limited coordination between players than soccer's. Free-flowing has been argued as one of the key natures of soccer, argued at Nature of the Game.

我们能据此下结论，足球是所有运动中最讲和最需团队配合的运动？欢迎您评论和发表不同意见。

May we conclude that Nature 4 of the Game, soccer is the most teamed Sport? Do you agree with this argument? Welcome to remark and comment.

From: FT Guardians FC